Chromosomes are primarily responsible for:

The primary responsibility of chromosomes lies in their role in gene expression. Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain DNA, which carries the genetic information essential for the development, functioning, and reproduction of organisms. Genes, which are segments of DNA on the chromosomes, contain the instructions necessary to produce proteins that perform various functions in the body.

When a cell needs to produce a specific protein, it transcribes the corresponding gene from the DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA then travels to the ribosome, where the information is translated into a protein. This process of transcription and translation is foundational to gene expression, making chromosomes central to the regulation and synthesis of proteins, which are vital for life.

While energy generation, cellular transport, and waste removal are critical cellular processes, they are not primarily controlled by chromosomes. Energy generation is mainly associated with organelles like mitochondria, cellular transport involves structures like membranes and the cytoskeleton, and waste removal is typically handled by various cellular mechanisms and organelles such as lysosomes. Therefore, the correct answer focuses on the essential role of chromosomes in gene expression.