During cell differentiation, what happens to cells with identical genetic material?

During cell differentiation, cells that have identical genetic material undergo a significant transformation. Despite having the same genetic makeup, these cells can develop into various types of cells, each with specific functions. This process is essential for the development of multicellular organisms, as it allows for the specialization of cells to perform distinct roles—such as muscle cells for movement, nerve cells for transmitting signals, and epithelial cells for protection.

The mechanism behind this differentiation involves selective gene expression, where certain genes are activated or silenced. As a result, although the cells start from the same genetic blueprint, the differences in gene expression lead to diverse cell types with unique structures and functions. This specialization is crucial for the complexity of life, enabling organisms to efficiently perform a wide range of biological functions.

The other options do not accurately reflect the phenomenon of cell differentiation. Cells do not remain identical in function; losing genetic material is not typical during differentiation, as cells retain their full genome. Additionally, the ability to adapt to the environment is not negated during differentiation; rather, specialized cells often enhance an organism's ability to respond to environmental changes.