How do larger and charged molecules typically cross the cell membrane?

Larger and charged molecules typically cross the cell membrane with the help of protein channels because the lipid bilayer of the membrane is hydrophobic and does not allow these molecules to passively diffuse through. Protein channels are specialized structures that provide a pathway for larger or charged substances to move across the membrane, accommodating their size and charge. This process is often facilitated diffusion, where molecules move down their concentration gradient without the need for energy input, but it relies on the specific interactions between the molecules and the channel proteins.

In contrast, simple diffusion is primarily for small nonpolar molecules that can easily pass through the lipid bilayer, while active transport is a more energy-intensive process that is used to move molecules against their concentration gradient, typically requiring the use of energy in the form of ATP through transport proteins. The statement that larger and charged molecules cannot cross the membrane is incorrect because, while they can't do so unaided, they can cross through protein channels. Thus, the correct understanding aligns with the role of protein channels in facilitating the transport of these molecules across the cell membrane.