Which of the following describes active transport?

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Active transport is characterized by the movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. This process requires energy input, typically in the form of ATP, because it goes against the concentration gradient. In biological terms, active transport is essential for maintaining concentrations of ions and molecules in cells that are different from their surroundings, which is crucial for various cellular functions, including nutrient uptake and waste removal.

The movement of substances from high to low concentration, which is described in one of the options, actually characterizes passive transport processes, such as diffusion, where no energy is required. Similarly, the movement of substances without energy input refers to passive transport mechanisms as well. Water movement through a membrane, described in another option, typically pertains to osmosis, which is also a passive process that does not require energy.

Thus, the correct choice effectively captures the essence of active transport, highlighting its energy-dependent nature and its role in moving substances against their concentration gradient.

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